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Jesuits --- Jesuits --- Influence. --- Missions

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The Franciscan mission San José de Tumacácori and the perennially undermanned presidio Tubac become John L. Kessell's windows on the Arizona–Sonora frontier in this colorful documentary history. His fascinating view extends from the Jesuit expulsion to the coming of the U.S. Army. Kessell provides exciting accounts of the explorations of Francisco Garcés, de Anza's expeditions, and the Yuma massacre. Drawing from widely scattered archival materials, he vividly describes the epic struggle between Bishop Reyes and Father President Barbastro, the missionary scandals of 1815–18, and the bloody victory of Mexican civilian volunteers over Apaches in Arivaipa Canyon in 1832. Numerous missionaries, presidials, and bureaucrats—nameless in histories until now—emerge as living, swearing, praying, individuals. This authoritative chronicle offers an engrossing picture of the continually threatened mission frontier. Reformers championing civil rights for mission Indians time and again challenged the friars' "tight-fisted paternalistic control" over their wards. Expansionists repeatedly saw their plans dashed by Indian raids, uncooperative military officials, or lack of financial support. Friars, Soldiers, and Reformers brings into sharp focus the long, blurry period between Jesuit Sonora and Territorial Arizona.

Missions --- Spain --- Arizona --- Colonies --- History. --- Christian missions --- Christianity --- Missions, Foreign --- Religion --- Theology, Practical --- Proselytizing --- History

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History --- jésuites --- Mexique --- missions --- Tarahumara (Indiens)

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The book discusses the work of Italian Capuchins in the face of American alterity, especially in the catechism of Indians and mestizos accused of being sorcerers of the devil. The friars faced a crisis in missionary optimism in the face of alleged indigenous resistance to Christianity or to European social rules. Portuguese colonial sources reveal evangelization as a field of dispute between friars, natives and settlers, motivating daily conflicts, as well as encouraging changes in social and symbolic traditions within or near the missions. The indigenous people were not passive subjects in the process, contradicting the missionaries for the determination with which they supposedly practiced their "gentle" customs and rites.

Capuchin monasteries. --- Indians of South America. --- Missions. --- Brazil.

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Die Aufsätze untersuchen die Beteiligung der europäischen Mächte und ihrer offiziellen und inoffiziellen Vertreter an der Wiederentdeckung des Heiligen Landes und der Levante im 19. Jahrhundert, als die Region zum Spielball der internationalen politischen Szene wurde. Im Mittelpunkt steht das Hin und Her zwischen den Mächten, Interessengruppen und Akteuren vor Ort und den lokalen Bevölkerungen. Bisher vernachlässigte Aspekte der Sozial-, Bildungs- und Religionsgeschichte werden einbezogen und religiöse und nationale Interessen aufgedeckt, die sich oft bis in die Gegenwart fortsetzen.

Europeans --- Missions --- Missions, French --- Missions, German --- Middle East --- Regions & Countries - Asia & the Middle East --- History & Archaeology --- History --- Europe --- Relations --- German missions --- French missions --- Christian missions --- Christianity --- Missions, Foreign --- Religion --- Theology, Practical --- Proselytizing --- Ethnology --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient